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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">C线程</h1>
        

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        <h3 id="线程概念"><a href="#线程概念" class="headerlink" title="线程概念"></a><a href="#线程概念" title="线程概念"></a>线程概念</h3><h4 id="什么是线程"><a href="#什么是线程" class="headerlink" title="什么是线程"></a><a href="#什么是线程" title="什么是线程"></a>什么是线程</h4><h4 id="线程和进程的关系"><a href="#线程和进程的关系" class="headerlink" title="线程和进程的关系"></a><a href="#线程和进程的关系" title="线程和进程的关系"></a>线程和进程的关系</h4><ol>
<li>轻量级进程，也有PCB，创建线程使用的底层函数和创建进程一样，都是clone。</li>
<li>从内核的角度看，进程和线程都是一样的，都有各自不同的PCB，但是PCB中指向内存资源的三级页表是相同的</li>
<li>进程可以蜕变成线程</li>
<li>在美国人眼里，线程就是寄存器和栈</li>
<li><p>在Linux下，线程是最小的执行单位，进程是最小的分配单位</p>
<p><img src="http://123.57.181.198/images/c/cpuscheduling.jpg" alt=" cpu资源调度图"></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="线程间共享的资源"><a href="#线程间共享的资源" class="headerlink" title="线程间共享的资源"></a><a href="#线程间共享的资源" title="线程间共享的资源"></a>线程间共享的资源</h4><ol>
<li>文件描述符</li>
<li>每种信号的处理方式</li>
<li>当前工作目录</li>
<li>用户ID和组ID</li>
<li><p>内存地址空间</p>
<p><img src="http://123.57.181.198/images/c/pthreadshared.jpg" alt=" 线程共享资源图"></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="线程间非共享的资源"><a href="#线程间非共享的资源" class="headerlink" title="线程间非共享的资源"></a><a href="#线程间非共享的资源" title="线程间非共享的资源"></a>线程间非共享的资源</h4><ol>
<li>线程ID</li>
<li>处理器现场和栈指针（内核栈）</li>
<li>独立的栈空间（用户空间栈）</li>
<li>errno变量</li>
<li>信号屏蔽字</li>
<li>调度优先级</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="线程优缺点"><a href="#线程优缺点" class="headerlink" title="线程优缺点"></a><a href="#线程优缺点" title="线程优缺点"></a>线程优缺点</h4><ol>
<li>优点</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>提高程序的并发性</li>
<li>开销小，不用重新分配内存地址</li>
<li>通信好共享数据方便</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>缺点</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>线程不稳定（函数库实现）</li>
<li>线程调试比较困难（gdb支持不好）</li>
<li>线程无法使用unix经典事件，例如信号</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="线程原语"><a href="#线程原语" class="headerlink" title="线程原语"></a><a href="#线程原语" title="线程原语"></a>线程原语</h3><h4 id="pthread-create"><a href="#pthread-create" class="headerlink" title="pthread_create"></a><a href="#pthread-create" title="pthread_create"></a>pthread_create</h4><figure class="highlight delphi"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">int pthread_create(pthread_t <em>thread, <span class="keyword">const</span> pthread_attr_t </em>attr,</div><div class="line">                          void <em><span class="comment">(</span></em>start_routine) (void <em>), void </em>arg);</div><div class="line">返回值：若成功，返回<span class="number">0</span>；否则，返回错误编号</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure><br>&gt; 当pthread_create成功返回时，新创建线程的线程ID会被设置到thread中，attr参数用来制定各种不同的线程属性。新创建的线程从start_routine函数地址开始运行，该函数只有一个无类型指针参数arg。<br><br>#### <a href="#pthread-self" title="pthread_self"></a>pthread_self<br><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">pthread_t</span> pthread_self(<span class="keyword">void</span>);</div><div class="line">返回当前线程ID</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="pthread-exit"><a href="#pthread-exit" class="headerlink" title="pthread_exit"></a><a href="#pthread-exit" title="pthread_exit"></a>pthread_exit</h4><blockquote>
<p>如果进程中调用了，exit、_Exit、或者_exit，那么整个进程就会终止，与此相类似，如果默认动作是终止进程，那么发送到线程的信号就会终止整个进程。</p>
<p>单个线程可以通过3种方式退出，因此可以在不终止整个进程的情况下，停止它 的控制流。</p>
<ol>
<li>线程有简单的从启动历程中返回，返回值是线程的退出码</li>
<li>线程可以被同一进程的其他线程调用pthread_cancel取消</li>
<li>线程调用pthread_exit<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">pthread_exit</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">void</span> *retval)</span></span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ol>
<p>retval 参数是一个无类型指针，与传给启动历程的单个参数类似，进程中的其他线程也可以通过调用pthread_join函数访问到这个指针。</p>
<h4 id="pthread-join"><a href="#pthread-join" class="headerlink" title="pthread_join"></a><a href="#pthread-join" title="pthread_join"></a>pthread_join</h4><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">pthread_join</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">pthread_t</span> thread, <span class="keyword">void</span> **retval)</span></span>;</div><div class="line">返回值：若成功，返回<span class="number">0</span>，否则返回错误编号</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>调用线程将一直阻塞，直到指定的线程调用pthread_exit，从启动例程返回或者被其他线程pthread_cancel取消，如果线程简单地从它的启动例程返回，retval就包含返回码，如果线程是被其他线程pthread_cancel取消的，retval的返回值为-1.</p>
<h4 id="pthread-cancel"><a href="#pthread-cancel" class="headerlink" title="pthread_cancel"></a><a href="#pthread-cancel" title="pthread_cancel"></a>pthread_cancel</h4><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">pthread_cancel</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">pthread_t</span> thread)</span></span>;</div><div class="line">thread 要被取消的线程ID</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在进程内某个线程可以取消另一个线程。</p>
<h4 id="pthread-detach"><a href="#pthread-detach" class="headerlink" title="pthread_detach"></a><a href="#pthread-detach" title="pthread_detach"></a>pthread_detach</h4><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">pthread_detach</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">pthread_t</span> thread)</span></span>;</div><div class="line">thread:分离线程ID</div><div class="line">返回值：成功返回<span class="number">0</span>，失败返回错误编号</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>一般清空下，线程终止后，其终止状态一直保留到其他线程调用pthread_join获取他的状态为止，但是线程如果设置成分离态pthread_detach的话，线程一旦运行结束系统就立刻回收它占用的所有资源，而不保留终止状态。不能对一个已经处理detach状态的线程调用pthread_join，这样调用将返回EINVAL。如果已经对一个线程调用了pthread_detach就不能再调用pthread_join了。</p>
<h4 id="pthread-equal"><a href="#pthread-equal" class="headerlink" title="pthread_equal"></a><a href="#pthread-equal" title="pthread_equal"></a>pthread_equal</h4><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">pthread_equal</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">pthread_t</span> t1, <span class="keyword">pthread_t</span> t2)</span></span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>比较两个线程是否是同一个</p>
</blockquote>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#线程概念"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">线程概念</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#什么是线程"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">什么是线程</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#线程和进程的关系"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">线程和进程的关系</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#线程间共享的资源"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">线程间共享的资源</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#线程间非共享的资源"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">线程间非共享的资源</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#线程优缺点"><span class="nav-number">1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">线程优缺点</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#线程原语"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">线程原语</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#pthread-create"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">pthread_create</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#pthread-exit"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">pthread_exit</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#pthread-join"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">pthread_join</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#pthread-cancel"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">pthread_cancel</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#pthread-detach"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">pthread_detach</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#pthread-equal"><span class="nav-number">2.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">pthread_equal</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
            

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